Yuṣmad (युष्मद्) Pronoun in Sanskrit: Full Declension Table & Examples

युष्मद् (Yuṣmad) Pronoun:

Sanskrit’s second-person pronoun युष्मद् (Yuṣmad) is equivalent to “you” in English. Unlike nouns, it doesn’t change based on gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), but it does decline based on case (vibhakti) and number (singular/dual/plural).

Below is the full declension table, followed by real-life examples, common mistakes, and usage tips.


Full Declension Table of युष्मद् (Yuṣmad)

Case (विभक्ति)Singular (एकवचन)Dual (द्विवचन)Plural (बहुवचन)
Nominative (प्रथमा)त्वम् (You)युवाम् (You two)यूयम् (You all)
Accusative (द्वितीया)त्वाम् / त्वा (You)युवाम् / वाम् (You two)युष्मान् / वः (You all)
Instrumental (तृतीया)त्वया (By you)युवाभ्याम् (By you two)युष्माभिः (By you all)
Dative (चतुर्थी)तुभ्यम् / ते (To you)युवाभ्याम् / वाम् (To you two)युष्मभ्यम् / वः (To you all)
Ablative (पञ्चमी)त्वत् (From you)युवाभ्याम् (From you two)युष्मत् (From you all)
Genitive (षष्ठी)तव / ते (Your)युवयोः / वाम् (Your two)युष्माकम् / वः (Your)
Locative (सप्तमी)त्वयि (In you)युवयोः (In you two)युष्मासु (In you all)

Real-Life Examples for Each Case

1. Nominative (प्रथमा) – Subject of the Sentence

  • Singular: त्वम् पठसि। (You read.)
  • Dual: युवाम् गच्छथः। (You two go.)
  • Plural: यूयम् लिखथ। (You all write.)

2. Accusative (द्वितीया) – Object of the Verb

  • Singular: अहं त्वाम् पश्यामि। (I see you.)
  • Dual: सः युवाम् आनयति। (He brings you two.)
  • Plural: गुरुः युष्मान् पृच्छति। (The teacher asks you all.)

3. Instrumental (तृतीया) – “By/With You”

  • Singular: गीतं त्वया गीयते। (The song is sung by you.)
  • Dual: कथा युवाभ्याम् कथ्यते। (The story is told by you two.)
  • Plural: कार्यं युष्माभिः क्रियते। (The work is done by you all.)

4. Dative (चतुर्थी) – “For/To You”

  • Singular: मम पुस्तकं तुभ्यम् अस्ति। (My book is for you.)
  • Dual: फलानि युवाभ्याम् ददामि। (I give fruits to you two.)
  • Plural: धन्यवादः युष्मभ्यम्। (Thanks to you all.)

5. Ablative (पञ्चमी) – “From You”

  • Singular: अहं त्वत् ज्ञानं प्राप्नोमि। (I receive knowledge from you.)
  • Dual: सः युवाभ्याम् शिक्षते। (He learns from you two.)
  • Plural: शुभकामनाः युष्मत् आगच्छन्ति। (Good wishes come from you all.)

6. Genitive (षष्ठी) – “Your/Yours”

  • Singular: ते नाम किम्? (What is your name?)
  • Dual: वाम् गृहं कुत्र अस्ति? (Where is your [two’s] house?)
  • Plural: युष्माकम् देशः भारतः अस्ति। (Your country is India.)

7. Locative (सप्तमी) – “In/On You”

  • Singular: त्वयि विश्वासः अस्ति। (There is trust in you.)
  • Dual: युवयोः शक्तिः अस्ति। (There is strength in you two.)
  • Plural: युष्मासु आशा अस्ति। (There is hope in you all.)

Common Mistakes & Tips

  1. त्वम् vs. यूयम्:
    • Use त्वम् for one person, यूयम् for many.
    • ❌ त्वम् सर्वे आगच्छथ → ✅ यूयम् सर्वे आगच्छथ (You all come.)
  2. ते vs. तव:
    • ते is the short form (used in spoken Sanskrit).
    • तव is the full form (used in formal writing).
  3. Dual Forms Are Rare:
    • In modern usage, dual (युवाम्) is often replaced by plural (यूयम्).
  4. Short Forms in Conversations:
    • माम् → मा, त्वाम् → त्वा, युष्मान् → वः (e.g., अहं वः पश्यामि = I see you all.)

Quiz Time! (Answers at Bottom)

  1. How do you say “Your book” in singular?
  2. Which case is त्वया in?
  3. Translate: “I am giving this to you all.”

Conclusion

Mastering युष्मद् is essential for everyday Sanskrit—whether reading scriptures, composing sentences, or speaking. Practice with the examples above, and soon you’ll use “you” like a pro!

Quiz Answers:

  1. ते पुस्तकम् / तव पुस्तकम्
  2. Instrumental (तृतीया)
  3. अहम् इदं युष्मभ्यम् ददामि।

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